Because deviation depends upon the actual distribution of magnetic
forces within the aircraft itself, it must be obtained individually
for every magnetic compass on every aircraft. The particular procedure of
determining deviation, termed as compass swinging, ought to
be discussed within the technical purchase for each compass.
The particular net result of just about all magnetic forces of the actual aircraft (all those forces
excluding the earth’s field) is represented by a dot found
simply just behind the wings of the actual aircraft. If the aircraft can be headed
toward MN, the actual dot attracts it pole of the particular magnetic compass
(with regard to this case, the particular South Pole) yet, on this heading, does
not change its direction. The just impact is actually with amplify the
directive force of the actual earth’s field. Generally if the aircraft heads toward
magnetic east, the particular dot typically is at this point west of the compass, and even attracts
the South Pole of the actual compass, causing easterly deviation.
picture furthermore shows that the deviation can be zero on a south
heading, and westerly when the particular aircraft can be heading west.
Deviation is reduced (however not eliminated) in certain
direct-indicating magnetic compasses by adjusting the small
compensating magnets throughout the compass case. Remaining
deviation is referred to because residual deviation and even is
determined by comparison with true values. This particular residual
deviation is actually recorded on a compass correction card showing
actual deviation on various headings or the particular compass headings.
Within the compass correction card illustrated within picture,
the navigator knows which with fly a magnetic heading (MH) of
270°, the actual pilot must steer a CH of 268°.
aeronautical Guide
this blog helps you get information about Aircraft structure and Aeronautical Guide.
Monday, February 13, 2012
Compasses
%0D%0AA+compass+could+be+defined+because+an+instrument+which+indicates%0D%0Adirection+over+the+particular+earth%E2%80%99s+surface+with+reference+in+order+to+an+acknowledged%0D%0Adatum.+Various+types+of+compasses+currently+have+been+developed%2C%0D%0Aeach+of+that+can+be+distinguished+by+the+actual+particular+datum+utilized%0D%0Aas+the+actual+reference+from+that+direction+can+be+measured.+Two%0D%0Abasic+types+of+compasses+happen+to+be+throughout+present+use%3A+the+actual+magnetic%0D%0Aand+gyrocompass.%0D%0AThe+particular+magnetic+compass+uses+the+particular+lines+of+force+of+the+particular+earth%E2%80%99s%0D%0Amagnetic+field+because+a+primary+reference.+Despite+that*the%0D%0Aearth%E2%80%99s+field+can+be+commonly+distorted+by+the+actual+pressure+of+different%0D%0Alocalized+magnetic+fields%2C+it+happens+to+be+the+particular+many+widely+utilized+directional%0D%0Areference.+The+actual+gyrocompass+uses+as+its+datum+an+arbitrary%0D%0Afixed+point+throughout+space+determined+by+the+actual+initial+alignment+of+the+particular%0D%0Agyroscope+axis.+Compasses+of+this+sort+happen+to+be+widely+employed+now%0D%0Aplus+will+eventually+replace+the+magnetic+compass+entirely.%0D%0AMagnetic+Compass%0D%0AThe+magnetic+compass+indicates+direction+within+the+horizontal%0D%0Aplane+with+reference+to+the+horizontal+component+of+the+actual%0D%0Aearth%E2%80%99s+magnetic+field.+This+particular+field+is+prepared+up+of+the+earth%E2%80%99s%0D%0Afield+with+regard+to+combination+with+different+magnetic+fields+within+the+vicinity%0D%0Aof+the+actual+compass.+Many+of+these+secondary+fields+happen+to+be+caused+by+the%0D%0Apresence+of+ferromagnetic+objects.%0D%0AMagnetic+compasses+can+be+divided+into+two+classes%3A%0D%0A1.+The+particular+direct-indicating+magnetic+compass+within+which%0D%0Athe+measurement+of+direction+is+produced+by+a+direct%0D%0Aobservation+of+the+particular+position+of+a+pivoted+magnetic%0D%0Aneedle%3B+not+to+mention%0D%0A2.+The+remote-indicating+gyro-stabilized+magnetic%0D%0Acompass.%0D%0AMagnetic+direction+can+be+sensed+by+an+element+situated+at%0D%0Apositions+where+regional+magnetic+fields+are+generally+at+a+minimum%2Csuch+because+the+actual+vertical+stabilizer+and+in+addition+wing+tricks.+The+actual+direction%0D%0Ais+then+transmitted+electrically+in+order+to+repeater+indicators+on+the%0D%0Ainstrument+panels.%0D%0A%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cb%3EDirect-Indicating+Magnetic+Compass%3C%2Fb%3E%0D%0ABasically%2C+the+actual+magnetic+compass+typically+is+a+magnetized+rod+pivoted%0D%0Aat+its+middle%2C+with+several+features+incorporated+in+order+to+better%0D%0Aits+performance.+One+kind+of+direct-indicating+magnetic%0D%0Acompass%2C+the+actual+B-16+compass+%28frequently+called+the+whiskey%0D%0Acompass.+It%27s+employed+as+a+standby%0D%0Acompass+in+case+of+failing+of+the+particular+electrical+system+that%0D%0Aoperates+the+particular+remote+compasses.+It+happens+to+be+a+reliable+compass+and+in+addition%0D%0Aprovides+wise+navigational+results+in+the+event+that+used+carefully.%0D%0AMagnetic+Variation+plus+Compass+Errors%0D%0AThe+actual+earth%E2%80%99s+magnetic+poles+tend+to+be+joined+by+irregular+curves%0D%0Agenerally+known+as+magnetic+meridians.+The+particular+angle+between+the+magnetic%0D%0Ameridian+and+in+addition+the+particular+geographic+meridian+is+generally+known+as+the+actual+magnetic%0D%0Avariation.+Variation+can+be+listed+on+charts+as+east+or+alternatively+west.%0D%0AWhen+variation+typically+is+east%2C+magnetic+north+%28MN%29+is+actually+east+of%0D%0Atrue+north+%28TN%29.+Similarly%2C+when+variation+is+actually+west%2C+MN+is+actually%0D%0Awest+of+TN.Lines+connecting+points+having%D%0Athe+actual+same+magnetic+variation+are+really+generally+known+as+isogonic+lines.%0D%0ACompensate+for+magnetic+variation+with+convert%0D%0Aa+compass+direction+with+true+direction.%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22separator%22+style%3D%22clear%3A+both%3B+text-align%3A+center%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-NOMqn2EdVG8%2FTzkANTSFvRI%2FAAAAAAAAAF0%2F1eyJVd1Fs_k%2Fs1600%2Fcompas1.JPG%22+imageanchor%3D%221%22+style%3D%22margin-left%3A+1em%3B+margin-right%3A+1em%3B%22%3E%3Cimg+border%3D%220%22+src%3D%22http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-NOMqn2EdVG8%2FTzkANTSFvRI%2FAAAAAAAAAF0%2F1eyJVd1Fs_k%2Fs1600%2Fcompas1.JPG%22+%2F%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22separator%22+style%3D%22clear%3A+both%3B+text-align%3A+center%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F-6SjdWWRbgLo%2FTzkAOl_g7oI%2FAAAAAAAAAF8%2FV86l45ZkfHc%2Fs1600%2Fcompas2.JPG%22+imageanchor%3D%221%22+style%3D%22margin-left%3A+1em%3B+margin-right%3A+1em%3B%22%3E%3Cimg+border%3D%220%22+src%3D%22http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F-6SjdWWRbgLo%2FTzkAOl_g7oI%2FAAAAAAAAAF8%2FV86l45ZkfHc%2Fs1600%2Fcompas2.JPG%22+%2F%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22separator%22+style%3D%22clear%3A+both%3B+text-align%3A+center%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%0D%0ACompass+error+typically+is+caused+by+nearby+magnetic+influences%2C+such%0D%0Abecause+magnetic+material+wiithin+the+structure+of+the+aircraft+as+well+as+its%0D%0Aelectrical+systems.+Many+of+these+magnetic+forces+deflect+a+compass%0D%0Aneedle+from+its+usual+alignment.+The+particular+amount+of+such%0D%0Adeflection+typically+is+generally+known+as+deviation+which%2C+like+variation%2C+typically+is+labeled%0D%0A%E2%80%9Ceast%E2%80%9D+or+perhaps+%E2%80%9Cwest%E2%80%9D+because+the+north-seeking+end+of+the+particular+compass+typically+is%0D%0Adeflected+east+and+%2F+or+west+of+MN%2C+respectively.%0D%0AThe+actual+correction+for+variation+and+also+deviation+typically+is+commonly+expressed%0D%0Abecause+a+plus+or+simply+minus+value+plus+can+be+computed+because+a+correction+in+order+to%0D%0Atrue+heading+%28TH%29.+When+variation+or+deviation+is+east%2C+the+actual+sign%0D%0Aof+the+particular+correction+typically+is+minus%3B+if+perhaps+west%2C+the+particular+signal+can+be+plus.+A+rule%0D%0Aof+thumb+for+this+correction+is+quite+easily+remembered+as+east+can+be%0D%0Aleast+and+west+is+very+best.%0D%0AAircraft+headings+tend+to+be+expressed+because+TH+and+%2F+or+magnetic+headings%0D%0A%28MH%29.+In+case+the+heading+is+actually+measured+in+relation+to+geographical%0D%0Anorth%2C+it+really+is+a+TH.+In+the+event+that+heading+typically+is+within+reference+in+order+to+MN%2C+it+is+actually%0D%0Aa+MH%3B+if+it+is+very+with+regard+to+reference+to+the+compass+lubber+line%2C+it+is+very%0D%0Aa+compass+heading+%28CH%29.+CH+corrected+for+variation+and+also%0D%0Adeviation+is+actually+TH.+MH+corrected+for+variation+is+TH.%0D%0AThis+particular+relationship+is+right+expressed+by+reference+to+the+actual%0D%0Anavigator%E2%80%99s+log%2C+where+the+particular+numerous+headings+and+in+addition+corrections%0D%0Ausually+are+listed+as+TH%2C+variation+%28var%29%2C+MH%2C+deviation+%28dev%29%2C+as+well+as%0D%0ACH.+%26nbsp%3BThus%2C+if+an+aircraft+typically+is+flying+in+an+area+where%0D%0Athe+actual+variation+is+10%C2%B0+E+and+even+the+particular+compass+has+a+deviation+of+3%C2%B0%0D%0AE%2C+the+particular+relationship+would+be+expressed+as+follows%2C+assuming%0D%0Aa+CH+of+125%C2%B0%3A%0D%0ATH+var+MH+dev+CH%0D%0A138+-+10+%3D+128+-+3+%3D+125%0D%0A%3Cb%3EVariation%3C%2Fb%3E%0D%0AVariation+has+been+measured+throughout+the+planet+plus+the%0D%0Avalues+found+currently+have+been+plotted+on+charts.+Isogonic+lines+are+generally+printed+on+many+charts+used+inside+aerial+navigation+so+that%2C+in+case%0D%0Athe+actual+aircraft%E2%80%99s+approximate+position+is+known%2C+the+amount+of%0D%0Avariation+may+be+determined+by+visual+interpolation+between%0D%0Athe+particular+printed+lines.+At+very+high+altitudes%2C+many+of+these+values+is%0D%0Aconsidered+quite+realistic.+Conversely%2C+at+low+altitudes%2C+these%0D%0Amagnetic+values+happen+to+be+less+reliable+because+of+surrounding+anomalies.%0D%0AVariation+changes+slowly+over+a+period+of+years+plus+the+particular+yearly%0D%0Aamount+of+such+change+typically+is+printed+on+many+charts.+Variation%0D%0Ais+also+subject+to+small+diurnal+%28daily%29+changes+that+may%0D%0Amostly+be+neglected+within+air+navigation.%0D%0A%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-88vhXxG0lYs%2FTzkAP2cQoEI%2FAAAAAAAAAGE%2FdYJaiNJ0zqU%2Fs1600%2Fcompas3.JPG%22+imageanchor%3D%221%22+style%3D%22margin-left%3A+1em%3B+margin-right%3A+1em%3B+text-align%3A+center%3B%22%3E%3Cimg+border%3D%220%22+src%3D%22http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-88vhXxG0lYs%2FTzkAP2cQoEI%2FAAAAAAAAAGE%2FdYJaiNJ0zqU%2Fs1600%2Fcompas3.JPG%22+%2F%3E%3C%2Fa%3E+%0D%0A
Direction : basic instrument and Earth’s Magnetic Field
Direction
Basic Instruments
The particular navigator should currently have a fundamental background throughout
navigation to guarantee accurate positioning of the particular aircraft. Dead
reckoning (DR) procedures aided by basic instruments give
the actual navigator the tools to solve the actual three simple problems of
navigation: position of the particular aircraft, direction with destination,
not to mention time of arrival. Utilizing just a standard instrument, including the particular
compass and drift information, you can navigate directly to be able to
any kind of area within the world. Various fixing aids, such as celestial
not to mention radar, may greatly enhance the particular accuracy of simple DR
procedures. This particular chapter discusses the basic instruments utilized
for DR and in addition then critiques the mechanics of DR, plotting, wind
impact, and in addition desktop solutions.
Directional information needed in order to navigate is actually obtained by
use of the earth’s magnetic lines of force. A compass system
uses a device that detects and even converts the actual energy from these
lines of force to an indicator reading. The magnetic compass
operates independently of the actual aircraft electrical systems.
Later developed compass systems require electrical power
with convert many of these lines of force in order to an aircraft heading.
Earth’s Magnetic Field
The earth has some of the properties of a bar magnet;
having said that, its magnetic poles usually are not situated at the geographic
poles, nor tend to be the actual two magnetic poles situated exactly opposite
every other as on a straight bar. The particular north magnetic pole can be
found approximately at 73° N latitude as well as 100° W longitude
on Prince of Wales Island. The particular south magnetic pole is found
at 68° S latitude and in addition 144° E longitude on Antarctica.
The actual earth’s magnetic poles, like those of any magnet, could be
considered with be connected by a number of lines of force. These
lines result within the magnetic field that envelops the particular earth.
They are considered with be emanating within the south magnetic
pole not to mention terminating at the actual north magnetic pole. [Figure 3-1]
The particular force of the actual magnetic field of the earth is divided
into 2 components: the vertical as well as the horizontal. The actual
relative intensity of these two components varies over the particular
earth thus which, at the magnetic poles, the vertical component
is actually at maximum strength and even the horizontal component typically is
minimum strength. At approximately the actual midpoint between
the particular poles, the particular horizontal component typically is at maximum strength
plus the vertical component is actually at minimum strength. Only
the particular horizontal component is chosen as a directive force for a
magnetic compass. Consequently, a magnetic compass loses its
usefulness with regard to an area of weak horizontal force, including the
area around the magnetic poles. The vertical component
causes the end of the particular needle nearer to the particular magnetic pole with
tip as the particular pole is actually approached. This particular departure
within the horizontal can be called magnetic dip.
Basic Instruments
The particular navigator should currently have a fundamental background throughout
navigation to guarantee accurate positioning of the particular aircraft. Dead
reckoning (DR) procedures aided by basic instruments give
the actual navigator the tools to solve the actual three simple problems of
navigation: position of the particular aircraft, direction with destination,
not to mention time of arrival. Utilizing just a standard instrument, including the particular
compass and drift information, you can navigate directly to be able to
any kind of area within the world. Various fixing aids, such as celestial
not to mention radar, may greatly enhance the particular accuracy of simple DR
procedures. This particular chapter discusses the basic instruments utilized
for DR and in addition then critiques the mechanics of DR, plotting, wind
impact, and in addition desktop solutions.
Directional information needed in order to navigate is actually obtained by
use of the earth’s magnetic lines of force. A compass system
uses a device that detects and even converts the actual energy from these
lines of force to an indicator reading. The magnetic compass
operates independently of the actual aircraft electrical systems.
Later developed compass systems require electrical power
with convert many of these lines of force in order to an aircraft heading.
Earth’s Magnetic Field
The earth has some of the properties of a bar magnet;
having said that, its magnetic poles usually are not situated at the geographic
poles, nor tend to be the actual two magnetic poles situated exactly opposite
every other as on a straight bar. The particular north magnetic pole can be
found approximately at 73° N latitude as well as 100° W longitude
on Prince of Wales Island. The particular south magnetic pole is found
at 68° S latitude and in addition 144° E longitude on Antarctica.
The actual earth’s magnetic poles, like those of any magnet, could be
considered with be connected by a number of lines of force. These
lines result within the magnetic field that envelops the particular earth.
They are considered with be emanating within the south magnetic
pole not to mention terminating at the actual north magnetic pole. [Figure 3-1]
The particular force of the actual magnetic field of the earth is divided
into 2 components: the vertical as well as the horizontal. The actual
relative intensity of these two components varies over the particular
earth thus which, at the magnetic poles, the vertical component
is actually at maximum strength and even the horizontal component typically is
minimum strength. At approximately the actual midpoint between
the particular poles, the particular horizontal component typically is at maximum strength
plus the vertical component is actually at minimum strength. Only
the particular horizontal component is chosen as a directive force for a
magnetic compass. Consequently, a magnetic compass loses its
usefulness with regard to an area of weak horizontal force, including the
area around the magnetic poles. The vertical component
causes the end of the particular needle nearer to the particular magnetic pole with
tip as the particular pole is actually approached. This particular departure
within the horizontal can be called magnetic dip.
Pilot student Frequently asked question
General
1. Q. Is it difficult to fly an aircraft?
A. No. It is not particularly difficult. As a beginning student pilot, you will
do most of the actual flying (handling the controls of the aircraft).
2. Q. When may I begin to fly?
A. Immediately. However, you will need to apply for certain certificates,
as described in this guide, in preparation for solo flight.
3. Q. Is flying safe?
A. A well-built and maintained aircraft, flown by a competent and prudent
pilot, makes flying as safe or safer than many other forms of transportation.
4. Q. If engine failure occurs, what will happen?
A. Modern aircraft engines are very reliable, and complete engine failure
is a rare occurrence. If the improbable does happen, you will not “fall out
of the sky.” Just do what the instructor had you practice during lessons—
select a good landing area and land.
Student Pilot Flight Training
1. Q. What are the eligibility requirements for a student pilot?
A. The specific aeronautical experience requirements are outlined in 14
CFR part 61. For the student pilot certificate requirements, refer to subpart
C section 83.
2. Q. Where can I obtain my ground and flight school training?
A. Most airport operators can furnish this information, or you may contact
the nearest FSDO.
3. Q. Is there a set number of flight instructional hours I will receive before
I solo?
A. No. The instructor will not allow you to solo until you have learned to
perform certain maneuvers. These maneuvers include safe takeoffs and
landings. You must be able to maintain positive control of the aircraft at
all times and to use good judgment.
4. Q. What should I know about Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations
(14 CFR) prior to my first solo?
A. Your flight instructor will determine that you are familiar with
appropriate portions of 14 CFR part 61, the general and visual flight rules
of 14 CFR part 91, and will administer and grade a presolo written test
prior to solo endorsement. The presolo written test will also include
questions on the flight characteristics and operational limitations of the
make and model aircraft to be flown.
5. Q. What does an appropriate logbook endorsement for solo mean?
A. It means a verification by an authorized flight instructor showing that
on the date specified, the student was given dual instruction and found
competent to make solo flights.
6. Q. When is the first solo endorsement required?
A. A student pilot must have a first solo endorsement dated within 90 days
prior to any solo flight.
7. Q. What is the difference between a recreational pilot certificate and a
private pilot certificate?
A. The recreational pilot has fewer privileges than the private pilot. The
holder of a recreational pilot certificate is allowed to fly an aircraft within
50 nautical miles from the airport where instruction was received and
cannot operate in airspace where communications with air traffic control
are required. Since qualification training in these areas is not required, a
person should be able to obtain a recreational pilot certificate in fewer
flight hours than required for a private pilot certificate. All privileges and
limitations of the recreational pilot certificate are listed in 14 CFR part
61, section 101.
8. Q. Where can I get information about the Sport Pilot Program?
A. Sport pilot enthusiasts may find information on the Regulatory Support
Division’s web site at http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/
avs/offices/afs/afs600 in the Light Sport Aviation Branch’s (AFS-610) area.
9. Q. Does a student pilot automatically have the privilege of cross-country
flying after soloing?
A. No. An instructor must have reviewed the pilot’s preflight planning and
preparation for solo cross-country flight and determine that the flight can
be made safely under the known circumstances and conditions. The
instructor must endorse the student pilot’s logbook prior to each crosscountry
flight, stating the pilot is considered competent to make the flight.
Under certain conditions, an instructor may authorize repeated solo flights
over a given route.
10. Q. As a student pilot, am I permitted to carry passengers prior to receipt
of my recreational pilot certificate or private pilot certificate?
A. No.
11. Q. Must I have a Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
radiotelephone operator’s permit to operate an aircraft radio transmitter?
A. No.
12. Q. For the purpose of obtaining an additional certificate or rating, may
the holder of a recreational pilot certificate act as pilot in command on
flights: (1) between sunset and sunrise; and (2) in airspace which requires
communication with air traffic control?
A. Yes, provided an authorized flight instructor has given the recreational
pilot the required ground and flight training in these areas, and endorsed
the pilot’s logbook. The recreational pilot will be required to carry the
logbook with the required endorsements on such flights.
13.Q. How can the holder of a sport or recreational pilot certificate ensure
that no inadvertent entry is made into airspace requiring communication
with air traffic control?
A. The pilot must select readily identifiable landmarks that are well beyond
the boundaries of the airspace requiring communication with air traffic
control. During training, instruction in identification of airspace requiring
communication with air traffic control will be provided.
1. Q. Is it difficult to fly an aircraft?
A. No. It is not particularly difficult. As a beginning student pilot, you will
do most of the actual flying (handling the controls of the aircraft).
2. Q. When may I begin to fly?
A. Immediately. However, you will need to apply for certain certificates,
as described in this guide, in preparation for solo flight.
3. Q. Is flying safe?
A. A well-built and maintained aircraft, flown by a competent and prudent
pilot, makes flying as safe or safer than many other forms of transportation.
4. Q. If engine failure occurs, what will happen?
A. Modern aircraft engines are very reliable, and complete engine failure
is a rare occurrence. If the improbable does happen, you will not “fall out
of the sky.” Just do what the instructor had you practice during lessons—
select a good landing area and land.
Student Pilot Flight Training
1. Q. What are the eligibility requirements for a student pilot?
A. The specific aeronautical experience requirements are outlined in 14
CFR part 61. For the student pilot certificate requirements, refer to subpart
C section 83.
2. Q. Where can I obtain my ground and flight school training?
A. Most airport operators can furnish this information, or you may contact
the nearest FSDO.
3. Q. Is there a set number of flight instructional hours I will receive before
I solo?
A. No. The instructor will not allow you to solo until you have learned to
perform certain maneuvers. These maneuvers include safe takeoffs and
landings. You must be able to maintain positive control of the aircraft at
all times and to use good judgment.
4. Q. What should I know about Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations
(14 CFR) prior to my first solo?
A. Your flight instructor will determine that you are familiar with
appropriate portions of 14 CFR part 61, the general and visual flight rules
of 14 CFR part 91, and will administer and grade a presolo written test
prior to solo endorsement. The presolo written test will also include
questions on the flight characteristics and operational limitations of the
make and model aircraft to be flown.
5. Q. What does an appropriate logbook endorsement for solo mean?
A. It means a verification by an authorized flight instructor showing that
on the date specified, the student was given dual instruction and found
competent to make solo flights.
6. Q. When is the first solo endorsement required?
A. A student pilot must have a first solo endorsement dated within 90 days
prior to any solo flight.
7. Q. What is the difference between a recreational pilot certificate and a
private pilot certificate?
A. The recreational pilot has fewer privileges than the private pilot. The
holder of a recreational pilot certificate is allowed to fly an aircraft within
50 nautical miles from the airport where instruction was received and
cannot operate in airspace where communications with air traffic control
are required. Since qualification training in these areas is not required, a
person should be able to obtain a recreational pilot certificate in fewer
flight hours than required for a private pilot certificate. All privileges and
limitations of the recreational pilot certificate are listed in 14 CFR part
61, section 101.
8. Q. Where can I get information about the Sport Pilot Program?
A. Sport pilot enthusiasts may find information on the Regulatory Support
Division’s web site at http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/
avs/offices/afs/afs600 in the Light Sport Aviation Branch’s (AFS-610) area.
9. Q. Does a student pilot automatically have the privilege of cross-country
flying after soloing?
A. No. An instructor must have reviewed the pilot’s preflight planning and
preparation for solo cross-country flight and determine that the flight can
be made safely under the known circumstances and conditions. The
instructor must endorse the student pilot’s logbook prior to each crosscountry
flight, stating the pilot is considered competent to make the flight.
Under certain conditions, an instructor may authorize repeated solo flights
over a given route.
10. Q. As a student pilot, am I permitted to carry passengers prior to receipt
of my recreational pilot certificate or private pilot certificate?
A. No.
11. Q. Must I have a Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
radiotelephone operator’s permit to operate an aircraft radio transmitter?
A. No.
12. Q. For the purpose of obtaining an additional certificate or rating, may
the holder of a recreational pilot certificate act as pilot in command on
flights: (1) between sunset and sunrise; and (2) in airspace which requires
communication with air traffic control?
A. Yes, provided an authorized flight instructor has given the recreational
pilot the required ground and flight training in these areas, and endorsed
the pilot’s logbook. The recreational pilot will be required to carry the
logbook with the required endorsements on such flights.
13.Q. How can the holder of a sport or recreational pilot certificate ensure
that no inadvertent entry is made into airspace requiring communication
with air traffic control?
A. The pilot must select readily identifiable landmarks that are well beyond
the boundaries of the airspace requiring communication with air traffic
control. During training, instruction in identification of airspace requiring
communication with air traffic control will be provided.
Wednesday, February 8, 2012
Flight Navigator : Time
Time
In celestial navigation, navigators determine the actual aircraft’s
position by observing the celestial bodies. The actual apparent
position of these bodies changes with time. Consequently,
determining the particular aircraft’s position relies on timing the particular
observation exactly. Time can be measured by the actual rotation of
the actual earth and in addition the particular resulting apparent motions of the particular celestial
bodies. This chapter considers a few different systems of
measurement, every with a special use. Prior to learning the
different kinds of time, it is very important to be able to recognize transit.
Notice with regard to picture below that the particular poles divide the actual observer’s meridian into halves.
The particular observer’s position typically is throughout the upper
branch. The lower branch typically is the actual opposite half. Every day,
due to the actual earth’s rotation, each celestial human body transits
the actual upper not to mention lower branches of the actual observer’s meridian. The particular
at first kind of time presented here can be solar time.
Apparent Solar Time
The particular sun because it is seen throughout the sky can be called the particular true sun or simply
the apparent sun. Apparent solar time can be based upon the actual
movement of the sun as it crosses the particular sky. A sundial
accurately indicates apparent solar time. Apparent solar
time is not valuable, considering the particular apparent length of day varies
throughout the particular year. A timepiece would have in order to operate at
different speeds to be able to indicate correct apparent time. Though,
apparent time accurately indicates upper and lower transit.
Upper transit occurs at noon; apparent time plus lower transit
at midnight apparent time. Difficulties inside utilizing apparent time
led in order to the particular introduction of mean time.
Mean Solar Time
A mean day is an artificial unit of continual length, based
on the average of almost all apparent solar days over a period of
years. Time for a mean day is actually measured with reference with
a fictitious body, the particular mean sun, so tailored that its hour
circle moves westward at a continual rate along the celestial
equator. Time computed using the mean sun is actually called mean
solar time. The coordinates of celestial bodies within the Air
Almanac are really tabulated in mean solar time, creating it the time
of primary interest with navigators. The particular difference within length
between the particular apparent day (based upon the actual true sun) not to mention the particular
mean day (based upon the mean sun) is actually never because a lot because a
minute. The actual differences are generally cumulative, though, thus which the actual
imaginary mean sun precedes or alternatively follows the actual apparent sun by
approximately 15 minutes at certain occasions in the course of the actual year.
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) typically is used for most celestial
computations. GMT typically is mean solar time measured within the
lower branch of the Greenwich meridian westward from
360° in order to the upper branch of the particular hour circle passing by
the particular mean sun.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8RuIp-AnT3JCiq-zCKC1smJrU5kGrw0FEX9rg3z9cuuLR34E5PfjcgpugakexrYGtPOVdu83uE53tQd3GiwgR9E1HQA14RIOD3ncwRotuQoRrPSbER8J6jt1Re5QWThvR_vZ11AvfrIc/s320/measuring+gmt.JPG)
The particular mean sun transits the actual
Greenwich meridian’s lower branch at GMT 2400 (0000)
each day as well as the actual upper branch at GMT 1200. The actual meridian at
Greenwich is actually the particular logical selection for this reference, as it happens to be the actual
origin for the actual measurement of Greenwich hour angle (GHA)
and in addition the reckoning of longitude. Consequently, celestial
coordinates as well as additional information and facts tend to be tabulated within almanacs
with reference to be able to GMT. GMT typically is in addition generally known as Zulu or alternatively Z time.
Local Mean Time (LMT)
Really because GMT is mean solar time measured with reference
to the particular Greenwich meridian, neighborhood mean time (LMT) can be
mean solar time measured with reference in order to the actual observer’s
meridian. LMT is actually measured from the lower branch of the
observers meridian, westward by 360°, in order to the actual upper
branch of the particular hour circle passing through the particular mean sun.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8RuIp-AnT3JCiq-zCKC1smJrU5kGrw0FEX9rg3z9cuuLR34E5PfjcgpugakexrYGtPOVdu83uE53tQd3GiwgR9E1HQA14RIOD3ncwRotuQoRrPSbER8J6jt1Re5QWThvR_vZ11AvfrIc/s320/measuring+gmt.JPG)
The particular mean sun transits the particular lower branch of
the particular observer’s meridian at LMT 0000 (2400) plus the upper
branch at LMT 1200. For an observer at the Greenwich
meridian, GMT is actually LMT. Navigators utilize LMT to be able to compute
local sunrise, sunset, twilight, moonrise, as well as moonset at
many latitudes along a given meridian.
In celestial navigation, navigators determine the actual aircraft’s
position by observing the celestial bodies. The actual apparent
position of these bodies changes with time. Consequently,
determining the particular aircraft’s position relies on timing the particular
observation exactly. Time can be measured by the actual rotation of
the actual earth and in addition the particular resulting apparent motions of the particular celestial
bodies. This chapter considers a few different systems of
measurement, every with a special use. Prior to learning the
different kinds of time, it is very important to be able to recognize transit.
Notice with regard to picture below that the particular poles divide the actual observer’s meridian into halves.
The particular observer’s position typically is throughout the upper
branch. The lower branch typically is the actual opposite half. Every day,
due to the actual earth’s rotation, each celestial human body transits
the actual upper not to mention lower branches of the actual observer’s meridian. The particular
at first kind of time presented here can be solar time.
Apparent Solar Time
The particular sun because it is seen throughout the sky can be called the particular true sun or simply
the apparent sun. Apparent solar time can be based upon the actual
movement of the sun as it crosses the particular sky. A sundial
accurately indicates apparent solar time. Apparent solar
time is not valuable, considering the particular apparent length of day varies
throughout the particular year. A timepiece would have in order to operate at
different speeds to be able to indicate correct apparent time. Though,
apparent time accurately indicates upper and lower transit.
Upper transit occurs at noon; apparent time plus lower transit
at midnight apparent time. Difficulties inside utilizing apparent time
led in order to the particular introduction of mean time.
Mean Solar Time
A mean day is an artificial unit of continual length, based
on the average of almost all apparent solar days over a period of
years. Time for a mean day is actually measured with reference with
a fictitious body, the particular mean sun, so tailored that its hour
circle moves westward at a continual rate along the celestial
equator. Time computed using the mean sun is actually called mean
solar time. The coordinates of celestial bodies within the Air
Almanac are really tabulated in mean solar time, creating it the time
of primary interest with navigators. The particular difference within length
between the particular apparent day (based upon the actual true sun) not to mention the particular
mean day (based upon the mean sun) is actually never because a lot because a
minute. The actual differences are generally cumulative, though, thus which the actual
imaginary mean sun precedes or alternatively follows the actual apparent sun by
approximately 15 minutes at certain occasions in the course of the actual year.
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) typically is used for most celestial
computations. GMT typically is mean solar time measured within the
lower branch of the Greenwich meridian westward from
360° in order to the upper branch of the particular hour circle passing by
the particular mean sun.
The particular mean sun transits the actual
Greenwich meridian’s lower branch at GMT 2400 (0000)
each day as well as the actual upper branch at GMT 1200. The actual meridian at
Greenwich is actually the particular logical selection for this reference, as it happens to be the actual
origin for the actual measurement of Greenwich hour angle (GHA)
and in addition the reckoning of longitude. Consequently, celestial
coordinates as well as additional information and facts tend to be tabulated within almanacs
with reference to be able to GMT. GMT typically is in addition generally known as Zulu or alternatively Z time.
Local Mean Time (LMT)
Really because GMT is mean solar time measured with reference
to the particular Greenwich meridian, neighborhood mean time (LMT) can be
mean solar time measured with reference in order to the actual observer’s
meridian. LMT is actually measured from the lower branch of the
observers meridian, westward by 360°, in order to the actual upper
branch of the particular hour circle passing through the particular mean sun.
The particular mean sun transits the particular lower branch of
the particular observer’s meridian at LMT 0000 (2400) plus the upper
branch at LMT 1200. For an observer at the Greenwich
meridian, GMT is actually LMT. Navigators utilize LMT to be able to compute
local sunrise, sunset, twilight, moonrise, as well as moonset at
many latitudes along a given meridian.
Saturday, February 4, 2012
Aeronautical Charts
An aeronautical chart typically is a pictorial representation of a portion
of the actual earth’s surface upon which lines and in addition symbols within a
variety of colors represent qualities or details seen found on the
earth’s surface. With regard to addition to be able to ground image, numerous additional
symbols and notes tend to be added to indicate navigational aids
(NAVAID) not to mention data required for air navigation. Properly
utilized, a chart typically is a vital adjunct with navigation; improperly employed,
it can become a hazard. Without it, modern navigation would
never currently have reached its present state of development. Because
of their marvelous importance, the navigator should be thoroughly
familiar with the wide variety of aeronautical charts and even
recognize their many uses.
Lambert Conformal
Aeronautical charts are really produced on countless different types of
projections. Since the actual demand for wide array in charts is and so amazing
not to mention the actual properties of the actual projections fluctuate greatly, there is no
specific projection satisfying all the navigation requirements. The projection
which most almost answers all the of the navigator’s problems typically is
the Lambert conformal, not to mention this projection can be the it many
widely used for aeronautical charts. An aeronautical chart of
a couple projection and in addition scale is obtained for any kind of portion
of the particular earth.
Datums
Maps created by a given country traditionally make use of the particular datum
built by that country. There can be because lots of as a thousand
of these numerous datums used throughout the planet. Inherent
problems result from over a hundred countries utilizing widely
different methods and in addition standards to be able to measure coordinate
systems. When added to be able to the particular effects of local variations in
topography and in addition the gravity field, systems are really built which
differ substantially from each different. These individualized
datums tend to be classified because surrounding and / or territorial.
Scale
Obviously, charts are a lot smaller than the area they
represent. The ratio between any kind of provided unit of length on a
chart as well as the actual true distance it represents found on the earth typically is the
scale of the chart. The scale varies, and also could differ greatly from
1 part of the actual chart with an additional. Charts are generally prepared in order to various
scales for different purposes. If a chart is in order to show the actual whole
planet and yet not be too large, it should be drawn with little
scale. If a chart can be in order to show a lot detail, it should be drawn to
a large scale; then it shows a smaller area than does a chart
of the particular same size drawn to a small scale. Remember, large
area, small scale; small area, large scale.
Aeronautical Chart
The particular scale of a chart may be given by a simple statement, such
as 1 inch equals 10 miles. This particular means a distance of 10 miles
on the earth’s surface can be shown 1 inch long on the chart. On
aeronautical charts, the scale is actually indicated inside you of two ways:
representative fraction or alternatively graphic scale.
Aeronautical Information
With regard to the aeronautical category, coded chart symbols denote
airfields, radio aids with navigation, commercial broadcasting
stations, Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZ),
compulsory corridors, restricted airspace, warning notes,
lines of magnetic variation, and also special navigational grids.
Certain aeronautical details is case to be able to frequent change.
For economy of production, charts are really retained throughout stock for
different periods of time. In order to keep the charts current, just the particular
stable kinds of information are really printed on navigation charts.
NGA produces and also distributes almost all aeronautical charts and in addition Flight
Details Publication (FLIP) documents. A summary of the particular
typical charts is in Figure 1-33. Requisitions will need to indicate
item identification and also terminology for every item requested
as listed within the catalog. List aeronautical charts by series with regard to
numerical and / or alphabetical sequence; list FLIP documents by
type (en route, planning, terminal), title, plus geographic area of
coverage. Contact NGA or perhaps its squadrons and also detachments for
technical assistance with regard to preparing statements of requirements.
Addresses are generally listed inside the NGA Catalog of Maps, Charts, not to mention
Connected Treatments.
of the actual earth’s surface upon which lines and in addition symbols within a
variety of colors represent qualities or details seen found on the
earth’s surface. With regard to addition to be able to ground image, numerous additional
symbols and notes tend to be added to indicate navigational aids
(NAVAID) not to mention data required for air navigation. Properly
utilized, a chart typically is a vital adjunct with navigation; improperly employed,
it can become a hazard. Without it, modern navigation would
never currently have reached its present state of development. Because
of their marvelous importance, the navigator should be thoroughly
familiar with the wide variety of aeronautical charts and even
recognize their many uses.
Lambert Conformal
Aeronautical charts are really produced on countless different types of
projections. Since the actual demand for wide array in charts is and so amazing
not to mention the actual properties of the actual projections fluctuate greatly, there is no
specific projection satisfying all the navigation requirements. The projection
which most almost answers all the of the navigator’s problems typically is
the Lambert conformal, not to mention this projection can be the it many
widely used for aeronautical charts. An aeronautical chart of
a couple projection and in addition scale is obtained for any kind of portion
of the particular earth.
Datums
Maps created by a given country traditionally make use of the particular datum
built by that country. There can be because lots of as a thousand
of these numerous datums used throughout the planet. Inherent
problems result from over a hundred countries utilizing widely
different methods and in addition standards to be able to measure coordinate
systems. When added to be able to the particular effects of local variations in
topography and in addition the gravity field, systems are really built which
differ substantially from each different. These individualized
datums tend to be classified because surrounding and / or territorial.
Scale
Obviously, charts are a lot smaller than the area they
represent. The ratio between any kind of provided unit of length on a
chart as well as the actual true distance it represents found on the earth typically is the
scale of the chart. The scale varies, and also could differ greatly from
1 part of the actual chart with an additional. Charts are generally prepared in order to various
scales for different purposes. If a chart is in order to show the actual whole
planet and yet not be too large, it should be drawn with little
scale. If a chart can be in order to show a lot detail, it should be drawn to
a large scale; then it shows a smaller area than does a chart
of the particular same size drawn to a small scale. Remember, large
area, small scale; small area, large scale.
Aeronautical Chart
The particular scale of a chart may be given by a simple statement, such
as 1 inch equals 10 miles. This particular means a distance of 10 miles
on the earth’s surface can be shown 1 inch long on the chart. On
aeronautical charts, the scale is actually indicated inside you of two ways:
representative fraction or alternatively graphic scale.
Aeronautical Information
With regard to the aeronautical category, coded chart symbols denote
airfields, radio aids with navigation, commercial broadcasting
stations, Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZ),
compulsory corridors, restricted airspace, warning notes,
lines of magnetic variation, and also special navigational grids.
Certain aeronautical details is case to be able to frequent change.
For economy of production, charts are really retained throughout stock for
different periods of time. In order to keep the charts current, just the particular
stable kinds of information are really printed on navigation charts.
NGA produces and also distributes almost all aeronautical charts and in addition Flight
Details Publication (FLIP) documents. A summary of the particular
typical charts is in Figure 1-33. Requisitions will need to indicate
item identification and also terminology for every item requested
as listed within the catalog. List aeronautical charts by series with regard to
numerical and / or alphabetical sequence; list FLIP documents by
type (en route, planning, terminal), title, plus geographic area of
coverage. Contact NGA or perhaps its squadrons and also detachments for
technical assistance with regard to preparing statements of requirements.
Addresses are generally listed inside the NGA Catalog of Maps, Charts, not to mention
Connected Treatments.
Effect of Wind on Aircraft
Any vehicle traveling on the ground, such as an automobile,
moves with regard to the direction inside that it's steered and / or headed and in addition
is actually affected extremely little by wind. Having said that, an aircraft seldom
travels in exactly the particular direction in that it really is headed given that
of the wind impact.
Any free object within the air moves downwind with the speed
of the wind. This particular is only as true for an aircraft as it is for a
balloon. When an aircraft is actually flying within a 20-knot wind, the actual body of
air in that it happens to be flying moves 20 NM in 1 hour. Consequently,
the aircraft equally moves 20 NM downwind with regard to 1 hour. This
movement can be inside addition to be able to the actual forward movement of the particular
aircraft through the particular human body of air.
The actual path of an aircraft over the particular earth is actually determined by the actual
two unrelated factors shown within Figure 4-23:
1. The particular motion of the particular aircraft through the actual airmass, and in addition
2. The motion of the airmass across the earth’s surface.
The actual motion of the aircraft by the actual airmass is actually directly
forward with regard to response in order to the particular pull of the actual propellers or simply thrust of
the actual jet engines, and also its rate of movement from the particular airmass
typically is TAS. This motion takes destination inside the direction of true
heading (TH). This particular motion of the actual airmass across the particular earth’s
surface could be from any direction and even at any speed. The actual
measurement of its movement typically is generally known as wind not to mention is actually expressed
inside direction and even speed (wind vector (W/V)).
moves with regard to the direction inside that it's steered and / or headed and in addition
is actually affected extremely little by wind. Having said that, an aircraft seldom
travels in exactly the particular direction in that it really is headed given that
of the wind impact.
Any free object within the air moves downwind with the speed
of the wind. This particular is only as true for an aircraft as it is for a
balloon. When an aircraft is actually flying within a 20-knot wind, the actual body of
air in that it happens to be flying moves 20 NM in 1 hour. Consequently,
the aircraft equally moves 20 NM downwind with regard to 1 hour. This
movement can be inside addition to be able to the actual forward movement of the particular
aircraft through the particular human body of air.
The actual path of an aircraft over the particular earth is actually determined by the actual
two unrelated factors shown within Figure 4-23:
1. The particular motion of the particular aircraft through the actual airmass, and in addition
2. The motion of the airmass across the earth’s surface.
The actual motion of the aircraft by the actual airmass is actually directly
forward with regard to response in order to the particular pull of the actual propellers or simply thrust of
the actual jet engines, and also its rate of movement from the particular airmass
typically is TAS. This motion takes destination inside the direction of true
heading (TH). This particular motion of the actual airmass across the particular earth’s
surface could be from any direction and even at any speed. The actual
measurement of its movement typically is generally known as wind not to mention is actually expressed
inside direction and even speed (wind vector (W/V)).
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